华裔文：HWAYIH WOEN
ARTICLES
定冠词
Definite:
本 — the
Indefinite:
个 — a
个笝 — an
Note: Because ligatures approximate meaning, as opposed to sound, it is possible for the pronunciation of a single ligature to alter and/or shift depending on context—vaguely similar to how “desert” and “desert” can take on different pronunciations depending on whether one is speaking about a geographical region lacking water versus a confectionery treat. In instances where the user wishes to express a more specific degree of pronunciation precision, rendering the two indefinite articles as—for example—“嚜” and “嵓笝” respectively may also be considered equally correct, much in the same way that “@” and “at” are interchangeable in most instances.
Struggling with the complexity of these logograms?
Click below for Unit One of McGuffey's First Eclectic Reader—Senior Script edition.
PRONOUNS
代词
Subject Form
Nominative Singular:
我 — I
你 — you
他 — he
她 — she
它 — it
Nominative Plural:
咱 — we
伊 — they
Possessive Singular:
我嘅 — my
你嘅 — your
他嘅 — his
她嘅 — her
它嘅 — its
Possessive Plural:
咱嘅 — our
伊嘅 — their
Object Form
Accusative Singular:
吾 — me
汝 — you**
亓 — him
丌 — her
**Note: In modern English, the object form of the second person pronoun is identical to the subject form; however, Hwayih Woen provides the user the option, but not the obligation, of reinstating in written form the original Anglo-Saxon subject-object distinction that survived into the Middle Ages. Ergo, object uses of the second person pronoun (as in “the boss berated you”) can be rendered as either 汝; or—if the user prefers to maintain written congruence with oral speech—你.
Accusative Plural:
俺 — us
佢 — them
Substantive Singular:
吾嘅 — mine
你嘅 — yours
他嘅 — his
她嘅 — hers
Substantive Plural:
俺嘅 — ours
佢嘅 — theirs
LOCATION INDICATORS
定位词
这 — here
那 — there
DEMONSTRATIVES
指向词
Singular:
此 — this
彼 — that
Note: When "that" operates as a pronoun, Hwayih Woen uses the above listed form, as in: "That new professor is Dr. Lee."（彼新教授~是|博士李|。）
However, when "that" is used to indicate an attached modifier, Hwayih Woen uses the ligature “的涾”，as in: "The mountain that Steve saw is in Asia."（本山~的涾|卅涾籴甶|见了是内|亚洲|。）
Hwayih Woen also uses this same form when "that" indicates an indicrect sentence structure, as in: "I knew that he came."（我知道了*的涾他来了。）
Plural:
此们 — these
彼们 — those
QUESTION WORDS
疑问词
谁 — Who
何 — What
侯 — When
焉 — Where
曷 — Why
怎 — How
CONJUNCTIONS
连词
与 — and
或 — or
但 — but
倘 — if
的虿 — which
之 — of
虽 — although
因 — because
尔 — so
比 — than
遂 — then
那为 — therefore
怎曾 — however
PREPOSITIONS
介词
内 — in
至 — to
外 — out
从 — from
之 — of
上笝 — on
上苩 — up
上苩仴笝 — upon
上邚 — over
下佱 — off
下邚 — under
下笝 — down
下旯吘 — below
为 — for
如 — as
跟 — with
在 — at
以 — by
关于 — about
周围 — around
通 — through
NEGATION
否定词
不 — not
无 — no
无邚 — nor
NUMBERS
数字
In standard English orthography, one can write numbers in either: 1) Arabic numerals, or 2) lexically written out—depending on what’s appropriate for the context. Hwayih Woen preserves this binary. Where writing Arabic numerals is appropriate in Standard English, so too is it appropriate to directly use Arabic numerals in Hwayih Woen. Where “writing out” numbers is necessary, Hwayih Woen makes use of the following ligatures.
Cardinal:
零 — zero
一 — one
二 — two
三 — three
四 — four
五 — five
六 — six
七 — seven
八 — eight
九 — nine
十 — ten
十一 — eleven
十二 — twelve
十三 — thirteen
十四 — fourteen
十五 — fifteen
二十 — twenty
三十 — thirty
四十 — forty
五十 — fifty
一百 — one hundred
二百 — two hundred
一千 — one thousand
二千 — two thousand
十千 — ten thousand
二十千 — twenty thousand
一亿 — one million
一兆 — one billion
Ordinal:
壹 — first
贰 — second
叁 — third
肆 — fourth
伍 — fifth
踛 — sixth
柒 — seventh
捌 — eighth
玖 — ninth
拾 — tenth
佰 — hundredth
仟 — thousandth
億 — millionth
窕 — billionth
The reader will note the following operative principle: in cases where one “writes out” ordinal numbers, ligature forms MATCH Standard English’s written forms. For example, when writing out the full name of the “One Hundred and First Airborne Division,” Hwayih Woen will appropriately render as: 一 百 与 壹 空降师. However, when using Arabic numerals, Hwayih Woen places the ligature 第 BEFORE the number sequence. Taking the previous example in its most common form, the “101st Airborne Division” will render as: “|第101 空降师|.”
Note: In this respect, the ligature 第 is equivalent to the superscript “st” behind a number, albeit in the prefix position as opposed to the Standard English suffix position.
Multiplicative:
Hwayih Woen attaches the ligature 次 AFTER the cardinal number to create the multiplicative form. As in:
一次 — once
二次 — twice
三次 — thrice
etc.
In instances where Standard English uses the word “time/s” to indicate the multiplicative, Hwayih Woen uses the ligature 时 after the cardinal number, following Standard English spacing conventions. As in:
一时 — one time
二时们 — two times
etc.
COPULAE: THE VERB "TO BE"
系词
Infinitive:
（至）乃 — (to) be
Present Tense:
係 — am
喺 — are
是 — is
Past Tense:
係了 — was
喺了 — were
Continuous Tense:
乃笝 — been
THE VERB "TO HAVE"
拥有动词
Present Tense:
有甶 — have
有拶 — has
Past Tense:
有迚 — had
THE VERB "TO GO"
出行动词
Present Tense:
去 — go
去拶 — goes
Past Tense:
去了 — went
SPEECH VERBS
言论动词
说 — say
说沞 — says
说了 — said
讲 — speak
讲沞 — speaks
讲了 — spoke
谈 — talk
谈沞 — talks
谈坔 — talked
告诉 — tell
告诉沞 — tells
告诉了 — told
PROCURMENT VERBS
获取动词
获 — get
获沞 — gets
获了 — got
取 — take
取沞 — takes
取了 — took
携带 — bring
携带沞 — brings
携带了 — brought
拿 — hold
拿沞 — holds
拿了 — held
拎 — carry
拎沞 — carries
拎坔 — carried
EXPLORATION VERBS
求索动词
找 — find
找沞 — finds
找了 — found
觅求 — search
觅求沞 — searches
觅求坔 — searched
寻觅 — seek
寻觅沞 — seeks
寻觅了 — sought
LARGE QUANTITY WORDS
表示大量的词
多笝籴 — many
多虿 — much
多邚 — more
多最 — most
SMALL QUANTITY WORDS
表示小量的词
少襾汙 — few
少屲荋 — fewer
少最 — fewest
少卅 — less
少卅荋 — lesser
少最 — least
MISCELLANEOUS VERBS
杂类动词
可 — can
可了 — could
Note: When the verb “can” is used to indicate past tense, use the above ligature, as in: “I could do the splits when I was 19 years old.” However, when used to indicate modality, write out 偘歮迚 using the phonetic characters, as in: “I could easily teach class if I wanted to.”
做 — do
做沞 — does
做了 — did
使 — make
使沞 — makes
使了 — made
让 — let
让沞 — lets
将会 — will
宁 — would
需 — need
需沞 — needs
需坔 — needed
要 — want
要沞 — wants
要坔 — wanted
用 — use
用沞 — uses
用坔 — used
看 — look
看沞 — looks
看坔 — looked
见 — see
见沞 — sees
见了 — saw
撰写 — write
撰写沞 — writes
撰写了 — wrote
叫 — call
叫沞 — calls
叫坔 — called
成 — become
成沞 — becomes
成了 — became
想 — think
想沞 — thinks
想了 — thought
来 — come
来沞 — comes
来了 — came
坐 — sit
坐沞 — sits
坐了 — sat
立 — stand
立沞 — stands
立了 — stood
像 — like (when making a comparison between objects or things, as in: “voices like angels”)
喜欢 — like (when used as a verb, as in: “dogs like treats”)
喜欢沞 — likes
喜欢坔 — liked
MISCELLANEOUS NOUNS
杂类名词
词 — word
词拶 — words
人 — person
人拶 — persons
民 — people
民拶 — peoples
日 — day
日拶 — days
道 — way
道拶 — ways
国 — country
国度 — state (to describe an apparatus of governance, as in: “the state”)
州 — state (to describe a federal subsidiary structure, as in: “New York State”)
状态 — state (to describe a condition, as in: “a state of chaos”)
囻 — nation
囻迚籴 — nationality
MISCELLANEOUS ADJECTIVES
杂类形容词
都 — all
各 — each
每 — every
任 — any
另 — other
些 — some (when describing a moderate amount, as in: “some cash”)
某 — some (when describing the generic, as in : “some unknown location”)
长 — long
短 — short
大玍 — big
大抯 — large
小旯 — small
稍 — little
能 — able